{"id":1397,"date":"2022-03-28T14:44:06","date_gmt":"2022-03-28T11:44:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blog.makinagetir.com\/?p=1397"},"modified":"2024-07-25T15:01:54","modified_gmt":"2024-07-25T12:01:54","slug":"dunyanin-en-yuksek-binalari-nasil-insa-edildi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ytrent.com\/blog\/dunyanin-en-yuksek-binalari-nasil-insa-edildi\/","title":{"rendered":"D\u00fcnyan\u0131n En Y\u00fcksek Binalar\u0131 Nas\u0131l \u0130n\u015fa Edildi?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131 seyahatlerimizde bir \u00e7o\u011fumuz farkl\u0131 mimari yap\u0131lar\u0131n g\u00fczelli\u011fi kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda zaman zaman b\u00fcy\u00fcleniriz. Pek \u00e7ok insan i\u00e7in mimari yap\u0131lar\u0131 g\u00fczel k\u0131lan \u015fey tarihi ge\u00e7mi\u015fi olabilmektedir. Fakat baz\u0131 insanlar i\u00e7in de mimari esteti\u011fin derecesi g\u00f6rkem, ihti\u015fam ve b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fck gibi kavramlarla ili\u015fkilidir. Bu grupta yer alan insanlar i\u00e7in g\u00f6kdelenler, kuleler ve plazalar en sevilen yap\u0131lard\u0131r. Peki bu g\u00f6rkemli, ihti\u015faml\u0131 ve devasa yap\u0131lar\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 belirleyen nedir? Ba\u015fka bir deyi\u015fle, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en y\u00fcksek binalar\u0131<\/strong> hangileridir? Bir ba\u015fka soru ise bu ihti\u015faml\u0131 yap\u0131lar nas\u0131l in\u015fa edilmi\u015ftir? Konuya ilk olarak d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en y\u00fcksek binalar\u0131n\u0131 ele alarak ba\u015flayal\u0131m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d6ncelikle D\u00fcnyan\u0131n en y\u00fcksek binas\u0131 <\/strong>ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131na birincili\u011fi tek ba\u015f\u0131na s\u0131rtlayacak bir yap\u0131 yazmak olduk\u00e7a g\u00fc\u00e7t\u00fcr. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc san\u0131lan\u0131n aksine bu konudaki en\u2019leri belirlemek \u00e7ok da basit bir i\u015f de\u011fildir. \u00d6rne\u011fin; \u201chalihaz\u0131rda in\u015fa edilmekte olan yap\u0131lar en\u2019ler listemize dahil edilecek midir?\u201d ya da \u201cbinalar\u0131n \u00e7at\u0131lar\u0131ndaki paratoner ve anten gibi yap\u0131lar \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcme dahil edilebilir mi?\u201d gibi pek \u00e7ok \u00e7eli\u015fkili durum s\u00f6z konusu olabilmektedir. Yine de t\u00fcm bunlara ra\u011fmen listelere girmi\u015f bir \u201cen\u201d mevcuttur. D\u00fcnyan\u0131n en y\u00fcksek binas\u0131 yani ayakta durmakta olan en y\u00fcksek yap\u0131, 828 metre y\u00fcksekli\u011fi ve 160 kat\u0131 ile yap\u0131m s\u00fcreci 2010 y\u0131l\u0131nda tamamlanm\u0131\u015f olan Dubai\u2019deki Bur\u00e7 Halife\u2019dir. Bur\u00e7 Halife\u2019yi ilgin\u00e7 k\u0131lan \u00f6zellik sadece y\u00fcksek olmas\u0131 de\u011fildir elbette. Bu yap\u0131n\u0131n 150. kat\u0131ndan sonras\u0131 betonarme yerine \u00e7elik konstr\u00fcksiyon ile devam edilerek in\u015fa edilmi\u015f olup bilindi\u011fi kadar\u0131yla bu \u015fekilde in\u015fa edilen alan\u0131ndaki ilk yap\u0131 olma \u00f6zelli\u011fine de sahiptir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00fcnyan\u0131n en y\u00fcksek binalar\u0131 listemizde ikinci s\u0131rada ise \u00c7in\u2019in \u015eanghay \u015fehrinde yer alan, 127 katl\u0131 olan ve 632 metrelik uzunlu\u011fa sahip \u015eanghay Kulesi\u2019dir. Yap\u0131n\u0131n in\u015fas\u0131na 2008 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n sonlar\u0131nda ba\u015fland\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve yakla\u015f\u0131k 7 y\u0131lda tamamland\u0131\u011f\u0131 bildirilmektedir. \u015eanghay Kulesi\u2019nin ayn\u0131 zamanda bilinen en h\u0131zl\u0131 asans\u00f6rlerden birine sahip oldu\u011fu ve g\u00fcnl\u00fck 16.000\u2019den fazla ki\u015fiyi a\u011f\u0131rlayabilecek kapasitesinin bulundu\u011fu belirtilmektedir. B\u00f6yle bir yap\u0131n\u0131n in\u015fas\u0131 i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan i\u015f makineleri<\/strong> say\u0131 ve t\u00fcr olarak epey fazla olsa gerek. Bir bina ya da g\u00f6kdelen olmamakla birlikte, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en y\u00fcksek yap\u0131s\u0131 listesinde \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc s\u0131rada g\u00f6sterilen ve uzunlu\u011fu 629 metre olan KVLY-TV ise Amerika\u2019n\u0131n Kuzey Dakota eyaletinde yer alan bir televizyon yay\u0131n antenidir. Tamamen metalden yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan bu yap\u0131 r\u00fczgar gibi fiziksel etkiler kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda dayan\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 korumas\u0131 i\u00e7in metal teller ile desteklenmi\u015ftir. Haliyle yap\u0131 bir bina ya da g\u00f6kdelen de\u011fil de yay\u0131n anteni olunca, yap\u0131m a\u015famas\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan i\u015f makineleri t\u00fcrleri<\/strong> ve in\u015fa y\u00f6ntemi de listemizdeki di\u011fer yap\u0131lardan olduk\u00e7a farkl\u0131 olmu\u015f demek yanl\u0131\u015f olmayacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Listemizin devam\u0131nda, Suudi Arabistan\u2019\u0131n Mekke \u015fehrinde yer alan ve 2012 y\u0131l\u0131nda yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan 120 katl\u0131 ve 601 metre uzunlu\u011fundaki Ebrac El Beyt yap\u0131s\u0131, bunu takiben, Amerika\u2019n\u0131n New York \u015fehrinde yer alan ve 2014 y\u0131l\u0131nda yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan 104 katl\u0131 ve 541,3 metrelik uzunlu\u011fa sahip 1. D\u00fcnya Ticaret Merkezi Binas\u0131, sonras\u0131nda, Tayvan\u2019\u0131n Taipei \u015fehrinde yer alan ve 2004 y\u0131l\u0131nda yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan 101 katl\u0131 ve 509 metre uzunlu\u011fundaki Taipei 101 yap\u0131s\u0131 yer almaktad\u0131r. D\u00fcnyan\u0131n en y\u00fcksek yap\u0131lar\u0131 ya da binalar\u0131na dair listeler s\u00fcrekli olarak de\u011fi\u015fmektedir. Bunun sebebi \u00fclkelerin bu noktada bir yar\u0131\u015f i\u00e7erisinde olmalar\u0131 ve s\u00fcrekli olarak yeni yap\u0131lar\u0131n in\u015fa edilmesidir. \u0130laveten, bu listelerde yer alan yap\u0131lar\u0131n uzunluklar\u0131 bilindi\u011finden yeni yap\u0131lacak g\u00f6kdelen, kule ya da plazalarda bu y\u00fckseklikler dikkate al\u0131nmakta ve yap\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011funca y\u00fcksek olmas\u0131 sa\u011flanarak 1-2 metrelik farklarla bile listelerde \u00e7e\u015fitli \u00fclkelerin yerini almaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Sonu\u00e7 olarak, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en y\u00fcksek yap\u0131lar\u0131 ve binalar\u0131 i\u00e7in bir s\u0131ral\u0131 bir liste istiyorsak bunu s\u0131k s\u0131k g\u00fcncellememiz gerekecek gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcnmektedir. Peki bu ihti\u015faml\u0131 yap\u0131lar nas\u0131l in\u015fa edildi? \u015eimdi de bunu ele alal\u0131m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kusursuz Bir Mimari Tasar\u0131m<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u0130nsanl\u0131k tarihinin \u00e7ok uzun bir d\u00f6nemi boyunca, M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da yer alan B\u00fcy\u00fck Giza Piramitleri aras\u0131nda en b\u00fcy\u00fck ve en ihti\u015faml\u0131 olan Keops Piramidi, d\u00fcnyadaki en y\u00fcksek insan yap\u0131m\u0131 yap\u0131 olarak kabul edilmekteydi. Bug\u00fcn i\u00e7in bile nas\u0131l in\u015fa edildi\u011fine dair net bir bilgi bulunmayan bu piramitler ayn\u0131 zamanda kusursuz birer mimari tasar\u0131m\u0131n \u00f6rne\u011fidir. Yap\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131 d\u00f6nemde i\u015f makineleri <\/strong>ya da i\u015f makineleri sekt\u00f6r\u00fc <\/strong>gibi bir kavram\u0131n ad\u0131 bile bilinmedi\u011fi g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131n\u0131rsa, sadece insan g\u00fcc\u00fc yard\u0131m\u0131yla in\u015fa edilen bu yap\u0131lar\u0131n insan\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fclememesi m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir. Geli\u015fen insanl\u0131k tarihi ile birlikte sanat ile mimarl\u0131k da geli\u015fmi\u015f ve estetik alg\u0131s\u0131 da de\u011fi\u015fmi\u015ftir. Bug\u00fcn i\u00e7in bir yap\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fcksekli\u011fi kadar g\u00f6ze hitap etmesi ve yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015fehrin \u00f6nemli simgelerinden birisi haline gelmesi gibi noktalar da \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r. Bu ise ka\u011f\u0131t \u00fczerinde kusursuz olarak yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir mimari bir tasar\u0131mla m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olabilmektedir. Bu do\u011frultuda \u201cd\u00fcnyan\u0131n en y\u00fcksek binalar\u0131 nas\u0131l in\u015fa edildi?\u201d sorusunun cevab\u0131 i\u00e7in ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 noktas\u0131n\u0131n \u201ckusursuz bir mimari tasar\u0131m yarat\u0131lmas\u0131\u201d olaca\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6ylenebilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fizik, Matematik ve M\u00fchendisli\u011fin S\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 Zorlay\u0131n<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

S\u00f6z konusu in\u015faat ve yap\u0131 sekt\u00f6r\u00fcyse, bu alan\u0131n tam bir deneme ve yan\u0131lma tahtas\u0131 oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylemek yanl\u0131\u015f olmayacakt\u0131r. Pisa Kulesi\u2019nin e\u011fikli\u011fine dair hikayeyi hepimiz biliriz. \u00dczerinde iyi \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f bir proje elbette s\u00fcrpriz etkenlerin yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 etkilerle \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7ilemez hasarlara ya da h\u00fcsranlara sebebiyet verebilmektedir. Bu noktada Pisa Kulesi gibi \u00f6rneklerden ders alarak olas\u0131 hatalar\u0131 minimuma indirebiliriz. S\u00f6z konusu e\u011fer metrelerce y\u00fcksekli\u011fe ve y\u00fczlerce kat say\u0131s\u0131na sahip bir kule ya da g\u00f6kdelen olacaksa, akla gelebilecek t\u00fcm etkenlerin eldeki fizik, matematik ve m\u00fchendislik ara\u00e7lar\u0131yla iyice hesaplanmas\u0131 ve hatta s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n zorlanmas\u0131 gerekmektedir. \u00d6rne\u011fin Bur\u00e7 Halife\u2019nin in\u015fas\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda r\u00fczgar\u0131n yap\u0131 \u00fczerinde yapaca\u011f\u0131 olas\u0131 y\u00fck hesaplanarak binan\u0131n katlar aras\u0131ndaki k\u00f6\u015feleri olabildi\u011fince dairesel tasarlanm\u0131\u015f ve cephelerin ise d\u00fcz de\u011fil de e\u011fimli olmas\u0131 sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. T\u00fcm bunlar ince olarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f ve hesaplanm\u0131\u015f fizik ve matematik kurallar\u0131 ile m\u00fchendislik disiplininin \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc olarak kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Uygun \u0130\u015f Makinelerinin Se\u00e7imi<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

S\u00f6z konusu metrelerce y\u00fcksekli\u011fe sahip g\u00f6kdelen ya da kuleler oldu\u011funda en kritik noktalardan birisi de in\u015fa i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lacak uygun i\u015f makineleri<\/strong> se\u00e7imidir. Burada pek \u00e7ok parametre devreye girmektedir. Bu y\u00fcksek yap\u0131lar\u0131n in\u015fas\u0131 i\u00e7in standart i\u015f makin<\/strong>eleri kullan\u0131m\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmayabilmektedir. Bu noktada, hangi i\u015f makineleri seti <\/strong>kullan\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 ve bunlar\u0131n hangi i\u015f makineleri firmalar\u0131<\/strong> taraf\u0131ndan tedarik edilece\u011fi \u00fczerine d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmesi gereken hususlard\u0131r. G\u00f6kdelen, kule ve plaza gibi yap\u0131lar metrelerce y\u00fcksekli\u011fe sahip oldu\u011fundan bu yap\u0131lar\u0131n in\u015fas\u0131 i\u00e7in de metrelerce y\u00fckseklikte \u00e7al\u0131\u015fabilecek ara\u00e7lara ihtiya\u00e7 vard\u0131r. Bu kritik ara\u00e7lar i\u00e7in i\u015f makineleri operat\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc<\/strong> de \u00f6zel bir uzmanl\u0131k alan\u0131 gerektirmektedir. Bu i\u015f makinelerini kullanacak operat\u00f6rlerin i\u015f makinesi kullan\u0131m sertifikalar\u0131n\u0131 almalar\u0131 ve gerekiyorsa y\u00fcksekte \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma noktas\u0131nda e\u011fitimden ge\u00e7irilmeleri gerekmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130\u015f makineleri markalar\u0131<\/strong> kendi \u00fcrettikleri ara\u00e7lara \u00f6zg\u00fc i\u015f makineleri bak\u0131m onar\u0131m<\/strong> protokol\u00fc geli\u015ftirmi\u015f olabilmektedirler. Bu sebeple, y\u00fcksek yap\u0131lar\u0131n in\u015fas\u0131nda kullan\u0131lacak i\u015f makinelerinin gereksinim duyabilece\u011fi bak\u0131m onar\u0131m i\u015fleri \u00f6nceden d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclerek planlama yap\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Geli\u015fen teknolojiyle do\u011frultulu olarak i\u015f makinesi markalar\u0131<\/strong>, farkl\u0131 ama\u00e7lara hizmet edecek i\u015f makineleri \u00fcretmektedirler. Bu i\u015f makineleri y\u00fcksek binalar\u0131n in\u015fas\u0131 i\u00e7in kolayl\u0131klar sa\u011flasa da \u00fczerine d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmesi gereken bir konu da i\u015f makineleri yak\u0131t t\u00fcketimi<\/strong> olmal\u0131d\u0131r. G\u00f6kdelen, kule ya da plaza gibi devasa yap\u0131lar\u0131n in\u015fas\u0131 i\u00e7in gereken b\u00fct\u00e7e devasa boyutlara ula\u015fabilmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Devasa Binalar\u0131n \u0130n\u015fas\u0131nda En B\u00fcy\u00fck Yard\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131m\u0131z: Vin\u00e7ler<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

D\u00fcnyan\u0131n en y\u00fcksek binalar\u0131n\u0131n in\u015fas\u0131nda elbette en b\u00fcy\u00fck rol\u00fc \u00fcstlenen i\u015f makineleri vin\u00e7lerdir. Bir vin\u00e7 , genellikle bir kald\u0131rma halat\u0131 , tel halatlar veya zincirler ve kasnaklarla donat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f , malzemeleri hem kald\u0131rmak hem de indirmek ve yatay olarak hareket ettirmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131labilen bir makine t\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fcr . A\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 olarak a\u011f\u0131r \u015feyleri kald\u0131rmak ve ba\u015fka yerlere ta\u015f\u0131mak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Cihaz, mekanik avantaj yaratmak ve b\u00f6ylece y\u00fckleri bir insan\u0131n normal kapasitesinin \u00f6tesine ta\u015f\u0131mak i\u00e7in bir veya daha fazla basit makine kullan\u0131r. Vin\u00e7ler, y\u00fcklerin y\u00fcklenmesi ve bo\u015falt\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in nakliyede, malzemelerin ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131 i\u00e7in in\u015faatta ve imalatta yayg\u0131n olarak kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Her biri belirli bir kullan\u0131ma g\u00f6re tasarlanm\u0131\u015f bir\u00e7ok farkl\u0131 vin\u00e7 t\u00fcr\u00fc vard\u0131r. Boyutlar, at\u00f6lyelerde kullan\u0131lan en k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck pergel vin\u00e7lerden y\u00fcksek binalar\u0131n in\u015fas\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan en uzun kule vin\u00e7lere kadar de\u011fi\u015fir. Mini vin\u00e7ler ayr\u0131ca y\u00fcksek binalar\u0131n yap\u0131m\u0131nda, dar alanlara ula\u015farak in\u015faatlar\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. B\u00fcy\u00fck y\u00fczer vin\u00e7ler genellikle petrol kuleleri in\u015fa etmek ve bat\u0131k gemileri kurtarmak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r. S\u00f6z konusu vin\u00e7ler y\u00fcksek binalar\u0131n in\u015fas\u0131nda kullan\u0131lacak ise se\u00e7ilecek vin\u00e7 t\u00fcr\u00fc ve vin\u00e7 operat\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn i\u015f y\u00fck\u00fc epey de\u011fi\u015fiklik g\u00f6sterecektir. Vin\u00e7 operat\u00f6rleri kabinin i\u00e7inde oturur ve vincin manevras\u0131n\u0131 yapmak i\u00e7in kontrolleri kullan\u0131r. Her g\u00fcn, bir vin\u00e7 operat\u00f6r\u00fc, kabine ula\u015fmak ve g\u00fcne ba\u015flamak i\u00e7in kulenin i\u00e7inde bir merdiveni – bazen y\u00fczlerce metre – t\u0131rmanmak zorundad\u0131r. Daha da \u00f6nemlisi, bir vin\u00e7 operat\u00f6r\u00fc, operasyonlara ba\u015flamadan \u00f6nce her zaman g\u00fcnl\u00fck g\u00fcvenlik kontrolleri yapmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131 seyahatlerimizde bir \u00e7o\u011fumuz farkl\u0131 mimari yap\u0131lar\u0131n g\u00fczelli\u011fi kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda zaman zaman b\u00fcy\u00fcleniriz. Pek \u00e7ok insan i\u00e7in mimari yap\u0131lar\u0131 g\u00fczel k\u0131lan \u015fey tarihi ge\u00e7mi\u015fi olabilmektedir. Fakat baz\u0131 insanlar i\u00e7in de mimari esteti\u011fin derecesi g\u00f6rkem, ihti\u015fam ve b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fck gibi kavramlarla ili\u015fkilidir. Bu grupta yer alan insanlar i\u00e7in g\u00f6kdelenler, kuleler ve plazalar en sevilen yap\u0131lard\u0131r. Peki bu<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":9,"featured_media":1398,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1,39],"tags":[106],"yoast_head":"\nD\u00fcnyan\u0131n En Y\u00fcksek Binalar\u0131 Nas\u0131l \u0130n\u015fa Edildi? - ytrent.com Blog<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"G\u00f6rkemli, ihti\u015faml\u0131 ve devasa yap\u0131lar\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 belirleyen nedir? D\u00fcnyan\u0131n en y\u00fcksek binalar\u0131 hangileridir? 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