{"id":1401,"date":"2022-03-28T14:47:21","date_gmt":"2022-03-28T11:47:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blog.makinagetir.com\/?p=1401"},"modified":"2024-07-10T11:12:10","modified_gmt":"2024-07-10T08:12:10","slug":"ilk-is-makinesi-ne-zaman-icat-edildi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ytrent.com\/blog\/ilk-is-makinesi-ne-zaman-icat-edildi\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0130lk \u0130\u015f Makinesi Ne Zaman \u0130cat Edildi?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

\u0130nsanl\u0131k tarihinin 60.000 ile 100.000 y\u0131ll\u0131k bir ge\u00e7mi\u015fe sahip oldu\u011funa dair bulgular mevcut olmakla birlikte d\u00fcnyan\u0131n ya\u015f\u0131n\u0131n 4,54 Milyar y\u0131l oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde, insanl\u0131k tarihinin \u00e7ok k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir zaman dilimini kapsad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylemek san\u0131r\u0131m yanl\u0131\u015f olmayacakt\u0131r. \u0130nsanl\u0131k tarihi i\u00e7erisinde ise son 2 y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n di\u011fer t\u00fcm zaman dilimlerinden \u00e7ok daha fazla geli\u015fime, de\u011fi\u015fime ve bilimsel ke\u015ffe tan\u0131k oldu\u011fu ise bir ger\u00e7ektir. Elbette geli\u015fmekte olan teknoloji her alanda oldu\u011fu gibi i\u015f makinesi ya da in\u015faat makinesi ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 da etkilemi\u015ftir. Artan n\u00fcfusa kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k olu\u015fan talebi kar\u015f\u0131lamak \u00fczere in\u015faat, yap\u0131 ve end\u00fcstri sekt\u00f6rleri arz\u0131 art\u0131rmak \u00fczere harekete ge\u00e7mi\u015f ve talebe yeti\u015febilmek i\u00e7in \u00e7e\u015fitli i\u015f makineleri kullan\u0131m\u0131 <\/strong>g\u00fcndeme gelmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yine a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 talebe yeti\u015fmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan sekt\u00f6rlerde, sahada ihtiya\u00e7 duyduklar\u0131 alanlara g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015fmekle birlikte yeni i\u015f makinesi icad\u0131<\/strong> gibi olumlu geli\u015fmeler de s\u0131k\u00e7a ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130\u015f makineleri kullan\u0131m amac\u0131<\/strong>, eski zamanlarda daha \u00e7ok \u00fcretimi h\u0131zland\u0131rmak gibi nedenlerle olmu\u015ftur. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde daha geni\u015f kitlelere hitap etmek ve kar oranlar\u0131n\u0131 artt\u0131rmak gibi ama\u00e7lar i\u00e7in de i\u015f makineleri ya da in\u015faat makineleri al\u0131m\u0131 s\u00f6z konusu olabilmektedir. Ayn\u0131 zamanda bu i\u015f makineleri \u00f6zellikleri<\/strong> de kullan\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131 sahalardaki ihtiya\u00e7 ve \u00f6zelliklere g\u00f6re zaman i\u00e7erisinde de\u011fi\u015fmi\u015f ve geli\u015fmi\u015flerdir. \u0130\u015f makinelerinin tarih\u00e7esi<\/strong> olduk\u00e7a eskilere dayanmaktad\u0131r. Bu noktada akl\u0131m\u0131za i\u015f makinesi ne zaman bulundu<\/strong> ya da i\u015f makinesi ne zaman icat edildi gibi sorular gelecektir. Bu sorular\u0131n cevaplar\u0131n\u0131 tek tek ele almaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fal\u0131m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ekskavat\u00f6r\u00fcn Atas\u0131: \u201cSteam Shovel\u201d<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u0130cat edilen ilk i\u015f makinelerinden bir tanesinin ekskavat\u00f6r oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmektedir. Eski tarihli kay\u0131tlar incelendi\u011finde, 1839 y\u0131l\u0131nda Filadelfiya\u2019da do\u011fan in\u015faat m\u00fchendisi William Smith Otis\u2019in, ekskavat\u00f6rlerin atas\u0131 olarak say\u0131labilecek \u201csteam shovel\u201d ad\u0131 verilen ve T\u00fcrk\u00e7e olarak \u201cbuharl\u0131 k\u00fcrek\u201d \u015feklinde \u00e7evrilen basit arac\u0131 tasarlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Otis, bu icad\u0131n\u0131 tasarlad\u0131ktan hemen sonra ABD\u2019de patentini alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Buharl\u0131 k\u00fcrek, ad\u0131ndan da anla\u015f\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 \u00fczere, buharla \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan bir motora sahip olup ilk icat edildi\u011fi y\u0131llarda olduk\u00e7a ses getirmi\u015ftir. \u00c7e\u015fitli kaynaklarda \u201cOtis ekskavat\u00f6r\u00fc\u201d olarak da an\u0131lmakta olan bu icat \u00f6zellikle ABD\u2019de demir yollar\u0131n\u0131n in\u015fas\u0131 esnas\u0131nda topra\u011f\u0131 kazmak ve istenmeyen ta\u015f ve topraklar\u0131 ba\u015fka yerlere transfer etmek i\u00e7in kullanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Otis\u2019in bu i\u015f makinesi icad\u0131 <\/strong>ilerleyen zamanlarda geli\u015ftirilerek sahada gereksinim duyulan farkl\u0131 i\u015fleri yerine getirebilecek \u015fekilde de\u011fi\u015fikliklere u\u011frat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Gen\u00e7 mucit William Smith Otis, ya\u015fam\u0131 boyunca, demiryollar\u0131nda farkl\u0131 i\u015fleri yerine getirebilecek i\u015f makineleri i\u00e7eri\u011fi <\/strong>geli\u015ftirmeye devam etse de hen\u00fcz \u00e7ok gen\u00e7 ya\u015ftayken, 26 ya\u015f\u0131nda, tifodan dolay\u0131 hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybetmi\u015ftir. \u0130lgin\u00e7 \u015fekilde Otis ailesinden ba\u015fka icatlar da \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. William Smith Otis\u2019in kuzeni olan Elisha Graves Otis ise end\u00fcstriyel i\u015flerde kullan\u0131labilecek ve \u00f6zellikle fabrikalar\u0131n i\u00e7erisinde y\u00fck ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 kolayla\u015f\u0131ran y\u00fckseltici platform benzeri bir asans\u00f6r geli\u015ftirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta bu fikri ve icad\u0131 i\u00e7in patent almay\u0131 bile d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmeyen Elisha Graves Otis, tasarlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 asans\u00f6r\u00fcn zamanla olduk\u00e7a pop\u00fcler hale gelmesinin \u00fczerine icad\u0131 i\u00e7in patent ba\u015fvurusu yapm\u0131\u015f ve \u201cOtis Asans\u00f6r \u015eirketi\u201dni kurarak bu \u015firket alt\u0131nda faaliyet g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir. Ne var ki, Elisha Graves Otis de, 40 ya\u015f\u0131nda icat etti\u011fi bu asans\u00f6rden 9 y\u0131l sonra, hala icatlar\u0131 ve tasar\u0131mlar\u0131 h\u0131zl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde devam etmekteyken 49 ya\u015f\u0131nda difteriden dolay\u0131 hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybetmi\u015ftir. Bu mucitlerin en verimli d\u00f6nemlerinde hayatlar\u0131n\u0131 kaybetmeleri, o d\u00f6nemde i\u015f makinesi ya da in\u015faat makinesi sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde ufuk a\u00e7\u0131c\u0131 yeni icatlar yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 engellemi\u015ftir demek yanl\u0131\u015f olmayacakt\u0131r. Buharl\u0131 ara\u00e7lar\u0131n yerini zamanla motorlu ara\u00e7lar\u0131n almaya ba\u015flamas\u0131yla birlikte buharla \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan ekskavat\u00f6rler de yerini motorlu ekskavat\u00f6rlere devretmi\u015ftir. \u0130lk olarak 1930\u2019lu y\u0131llarda motorlu ekskavat\u00f6rlerin geli\u015ftirildi\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmekle birlikte 1950 ve 1960\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llarda ise tamam\u0131yla hidrolik olan, dizel motorlu ve g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki ekskavat\u00f6rlere en yak\u0131n mekanik dizayna sahip ekskavat\u00f6rler geli\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hidrolik teknolojisini kullanan ilk ekskavat\u00f6r, 1882’de \u0130ngiltere’de Sir WG Armstrong and Company taraf\u0131ndan kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fcn hidrolik s\u0131v\u0131 kullanan ekskavat\u00f6rlerinden farkl\u0131 olarak, hidrolik fonksiyonlar\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in su kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ayr\u0131ca, ger\u00e7ek bir hidrolik makine de\u011fil, kep\u00e7eyi \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in kablolar kullanan ve hidrolik bir silindire sahip olan hibrit bir ara\u00e7t\u0131.  Ancak bu fikir ne bu makinede ne de 1914’te Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri’ndeki Penn Iron Mining Company i\u00e7in F. Armstrong taraf\u0131ndan in\u015fa edilen benzer tasar\u0131ma sahip bir makinede ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olmad\u0131. Tamam\u0131 hidrolik sistem kullanan ilk ekskavat\u00f6r, Kilgore Machine Company taraf\u0131ndan 1897’de in\u015fa edilen Do\u011frudan Etkili ekskavat\u00f6rd\u00fc. Kilgore, geleneksel kablo veya zincirle \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan k\u00fcreklere k\u0131yasla tasar\u0131m\u0131n \u00e7e\u015fitli avantajlar\u0131n\u0131n lansman\u0131n\u0131 yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Makine neredeyse tamamen \u00e7elikten yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131, bu da onu sa\u011flamla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131yordu. Her silindirin strokunun her bir ucu da dahil olmak \u00fczere t\u00fcm hareketler, y\u00fcksek h\u0131zda tam strokta \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rken \u015fok veya hasar\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131racak \u015fekilde yast\u0131klanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcm kep\u00e7e i\u015flevleri i\u00e7in buhar silindirlerinin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131, kep\u00e7eye di\u011fer kep\u00e7elerden farkl\u0131 olarak bir hareket rahatl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kazand\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Di\u011fer k\u00fcreklerin \u00e7o\u011fundan farkl\u0131 olarak, yatay olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fabiliyor ve kayalar ile di\u011fer engelleri di\u011fer k\u00fcreklerden daha kolay manip\u00fcle edebiliyordu. Zincirlerin, kablolar\u0131n, kasnaklar\u0131n, tamburlar\u0131n, s\u00fcrt\u00fcnmeli kavramalar\u0131n, di\u015flilerin ve kald\u0131rma motorlar\u0131n\u0131n ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131yla, tasar\u0131m olduk\u00e7a basit bir hale getirilmi\u015fti. Bu noktada i\u015f makineleri \u00f6zellikleri<\/strong> epey de\u011fi\u015fiyor ve i\u015f makineleri kullananlar<\/strong> aradaki fark\u0131 g\u00f6rebiliyordu. Basitlik, i\u015f makinesinin kullan\u0131m\u0131 alan\u0131nda da yayg\u0131nla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. D\u00f6rt silindir, sadece iki kol taraf\u0131ndan kontrol ediliyordu ve operat\u00f6r\u00fcn her bir kol \u00fczerindeki el hareketi tam ve an\u0131nda kovaya iletilebiliyordu. 20. y\u00fczy\u0131lda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kacak tam d\u00f6ner ekskavat\u00f6rleri \u00f6ng\u00f6ren Kilgore kep\u00e7esinde ise kovay\u0131 bo\u015faltmak i\u00e7in bir a\u00e7ma halat\u0131 veya manivela yerine bir ayak pedal\u0131 kullan\u0131ld\u0131 ki bu da ekskavat\u00f6rlerde b\u00fcy\u00fck bir rahatl\u0131\u011f\u0131 da beraberinde getirdi. Kilgore ayr\u0131ca ekskavat\u00f6r\u00fcn maliyeti \u00fczerinde de etkili de\u011fi\u015fiklikler yaratt\u0131. Silindirler, \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lacak daha az makine oldu\u011fundan, di\u011fer k\u00fcreklere g\u00f6re daha az buhar, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla daha az yak\u0131t ve su gerektiriyor ve kullan\u0131c\u0131lar bu durumdan memnun kal\u0131yordu. A\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor ki, hemen her \u015fantiye alan\u0131nda kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fabilece\u011fimiz ekskavat\u00f6rlerin bug\u00fcn ki teknolojiye ula\u015fabilmesi i\u00e7in epey yol almas\u0131 gerekmi\u015f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Forkliftin \u0130cad\u0131<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Forkliftler, sahip olduklar\u0131 \u00e7atallar arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla, genellikle paletler \u00fczerinde bulunan a\u011f\u0131r y\u00fckleri kald\u0131rmak, k\u0131sa mesafelerde ta\u015f\u0131mak, ba\u015fka ara\u00e7lara y\u00fcklemek ya da raf gibi yerlere istiflemek maksad\u0131yla kullan\u0131lan ve bug\u00fcn i\u00e7in akl\u0131m\u0131za gelebilecek b\u00fcy\u00fck ya da k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck her t\u00fcrden sekt\u00f6rde kullan\u0131mda olan fonksiyonel i\u015f makineleridir. Bug\u00fcn i\u00e7in oturdu\u011fumuz muhite yak\u0131n mevkilerde yer alan onlarca marketin her birinde mutlaka en az bir forklift bulunmaktad\u0131r. Bu market zincirlerinin say\u0131lar\u0131 g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda forklift\u2019in ne denli yayg\u0131n olarak kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 da ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r. Peki bu kullan\u0131\u015fl\u0131 i\u015f makinesi icad\u0131<\/strong> hakk\u0131nda neler biliyoruz?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki forklift ara\u00e7lar\u0131na benzeyen ilk prototipin 1917\u2019de ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmektedir. Esasen bu prototip, forklift fonksiyonuna sahip olan bir ata\u015fman\u0131n eklendi\u011fi trakt\u00f6r olarak tasarlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1920\u2019lere gelindi\u011finde ise hidrolik ve dikey kald\u0131rma dire\u011finin eklendi\u011fi yeni modeller olu\u015fturulmu\u015ftur. Profesyonel anlamda kullan\u0131ma sunulan ilk forkliftin ise 1972 y\u0131l\u0131na tarihlendi\u011fi s\u00f6ylenebilir. Bu forklift di\u011ferlerine g\u00f6re nispeten daha fazla a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 daha y\u00fckse\u011fe kald\u0131rabiliyor ve ayn\u0131 zamanda benzin yerine elektrikle \u015farj olabilen bir ak\u00fc kullan\u0131yordu. Sonraki y\u0131llarda geli\u015ftirilen forkliftler ise \u015fekil olarak benzer kalmalar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k dar alanlarda rahat manevra yap\u0131lmas\u0131na imkan sa\u011flamak \u00fczere boyut olarak k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fclt\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bug\u00fcn i\u00e7in son model bir forklift, rahatl\u0131kla depodan ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve \u00fcr\u00fcnlerle y\u00fckl\u00fc bir paleti m\u00fc\u015fterilerin al\u0131\u015fveri\u015f yapmakta oldu\u011fu market i\u00e7erisinde reyonlar\u0131n aras\u0131na b\u0131rakabilmektedir. T\u00fcm bunlarla birlikte, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin ilk yerli i\u015f makin<\/strong>esi ve T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin ilk yerli i\u015f makinesinin ad\u0131<\/strong> gibi konular da arama motorlar\u0131nda s\u0131k\u00e7a ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lan konu ba\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131d\u0131r. Ancak g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde yayg\u0131n olarak kullan\u0131lan i\u015f makinelerinin \u00e7o\u011fu ABD\u2019de icat edilmi\u015f ve \u00fcretilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u0130nsanl\u0131k tarihinin 60.000 ile 100.000 y\u0131ll\u0131k bir ge\u00e7mi\u015fe sahip oldu\u011funa dair bulgular mevcut olmakla birlikte d\u00fcnyan\u0131n ya\u015f\u0131n\u0131n 4,54 Milyar y\u0131l oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde, insanl\u0131k tarihinin \u00e7ok k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir zaman dilimini kapsad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylemek san\u0131r\u0131m yanl\u0131\u015f olmayacakt\u0131r. \u0130nsanl\u0131k tarihi i\u00e7erisinde ise son 2 y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n di\u011fer t\u00fcm zaman dilimlerinden \u00e7ok daha fazla geli\u015fime, de\u011fi\u015fime ve bilimsel ke\u015ffe tan\u0131k oldu\u011fu<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":9,"featured_media":1404,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1,39],"tags":[341,106],"yoast_head":"\n\u0130lk \u0130\u015f Makinesi Ne Zaman \u0130cat Edildi? - ytrent.com Blog<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u0130\u015f makinelerinin tarih\u00e7esi olduk\u00e7a eskilere dayanmaktad\u0131r. 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